Integrative Phytochemical, Antioxidant, and NLRP3-Linked and Anti-Inflammatory Evaluation of Salvia balansae (Aurès Chemotype): Insights Into Its Safety and Therapeutic Potential.

Salvia balansae, an endemic Algerian species, remains poorly investigated despite the recognized medicinal importance of the Salvia genus. This study comprehensively evaluated its phytochemical composition, biological activities, and safety profile. Quantitative analyses revealed high levels of total phenolics, flavonoids, flavonols, condensed tannins, and triterpenoids, while LC-MS identified a distinctive Aurès-region chemotype enriched in luteolin, rosmarinic acid, and flavonoid glycosides. The extract demonstrated strong antioxidant activity in free radical-scavenging, metal-chelating, and reducing-power assays. Anti-inflammatory activity was confirmed by inhibition of protein denaturation in vitro and significant suppression of croton oil-induced ear edema and histopathological damage in vivo. Molecular docking predicted favorable binding of salvianolic acid, rutin, and apigenin-7-O-glucoside to NLRP3 inflammasome components, suggesting a potential mechanism underlying the observed anti-inflammatory effects. The extract also exhibited moderate inhibitory activity against cholinesterases and α-amylase, indicating possible neuroprotective and antidiabetic potential. Acute oral toxicity testing at 2000 mg/kg showed no mortality, major clinical signs of toxicity, or apparent organ damage, although repeated-dose studies are warranted. Collectively, these findings identify S. balansae as a polyphenol- and triterpenoid-rich species with considerable promise for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications.