Gorillas of Bwindi-Impenetrable Forest and the Virunga Volcanoes: Taxonomic implications of morphological and ecological differences.

Based on their geographic proximity to the Virunga Volcanoes (≈ 25 km), the Bwindi-Impenetrable Forest gorillas have been referred to the subspecies Gorilla gorilla beringei. Differences in anatomy, habitat, ecology, and behavior, however, suggest Bwindi gorillas are distinct from those in the Virungas. Relative to Virunga gorillas, Bwindi gorillas live at lower elevations, in warmer temperatures, are much more arboreal, have longer day ranges and larger home ranges, and eat much more fruit and pith, and less bamboo and leaves. Morphological differences reflect the differences in ecology, habitat, and behavior. Bwindi gorillas measured have smaller bodies, relatively longer limbs, hands, and feet, shorter trunks, thumbs, big toes, and tooth row lengths, and narrower trunks and orbital breadths than Virunga gorillas. These differences indicate Bwindi gorillas do not belong to G.g. beringei and should not be referred to as "mountain gorillas." How unique the distinguishing features of Bwindi gorillas are, and whether or not they should be assigned to a new taxon, depends on the expression of these features in eastern lowland gorillas (G.g. graueri). © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.