BMJ global health · 2026
Defining the bellwether procedures and processes for global trauma care: an international Delphi study.
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Bath Michael F, Amoako Joachim, Edmiston Thomas, Ratnayake Amila Sanjiva, Kabatoro Daphne, Bagaria Dinesh, Menon Raj, Wohlgemut Jared M, Hobbs Laura, Smith Brandon G, Nuño-Guzmán Carlos M, Vélez Sebastian E, Brennan Rick, Conway Morris Andrew, Hardcastle Timothy Craig, Weiser Thomas, Bashford Tom, Global Trauma Care Delphi Collaborative, Global Trauma Care Delphi
Аннотация
BACKGROUND: The complexity of delivering trauma care makes the assessment of its provision challenging. The identification of bellwether procedures has previously been successful in the evaluation of global surgical care; however, any equivalent in assessing trauma care is currently lacking. Through a Delphi process, we aimed to produce the bellwether procedures and processes for global trauma care.
METHODS: A global Delphi process was undertaken with healthcare professionals and academics involved in trauma care from across the world. A list of potential procedures and processes was identified through literature review and expert opinion, along with subsequent additional options suggested by respondents. Three successive rounds were completed, with respondents rating the importance of each procedure or process to be undertaken at any hospital that cares for trauma patients using a five-point Likert scale.
RESULTS: A total of 411 respondents from 78 countries completed the initial round of the Delphi process, with minimal attrition observed across rounds. Following three successive rounds of the Delphi and functional aggregation, nine bellwethers of global trauma care were determined, subdivided into three functional categories: 'Resuscitation & Stabilisation'-(1) Advanced Airway Management, (2) Short-term C-spine Immobilisation, (3) Long Bone Immobilisation; 'Diagnosis & Monitoring'-(4) Blood Gas Analysis, (5) Focused Assessment with Sonography in Trauma (FAST) Scanning, (6) Continuous Access to CT Imaging; 'Optimisation & Intervention'-(7) Blood Transfusion, (8) Tube Thoracostomy, (9) Laparotomy and Splenectomy.
CONCLUSION: The Global Trauma Care Delphi study has produced nine metrics that provide pragmatic indicators for the overall assessment of trauma care capabilities at any healthcare setting worldwide. These bellwethers of global trauma care can enable hospitals, local managers and health ministries to identify institutions or regions that may require more in-depth assessment, allowing standards in the management of traumatic injuries to improve.
METHODS: A global Delphi process was undertaken with healthcare professionals and academics involved in trauma care from across the world. A list of potential procedures and processes was identified through literature review and expert opinion, along with subsequent additional options suggested by respondents. Three successive rounds were completed, with respondents rating the importance of each procedure or process to be undertaken at any hospital that cares for trauma patients using a five-point Likert scale.
RESULTS: A total of 411 respondents from 78 countries completed the initial round of the Delphi process, with minimal attrition observed across rounds. Following three successive rounds of the Delphi and functional aggregation, nine bellwethers of global trauma care were determined, subdivided into three functional categories: 'Resuscitation & Stabilisation'-(1) Advanced Airway Management, (2) Short-term C-spine Immobilisation, (3) Long Bone Immobilisation; 'Diagnosis & Monitoring'-(4) Blood Gas Analysis, (5) Focused Assessment with Sonography in Trauma (FAST) Scanning, (6) Continuous Access to CT Imaging; 'Optimisation & Intervention'-(7) Blood Transfusion, (8) Tube Thoracostomy, (9) Laparotomy and Splenectomy.
CONCLUSION: The Global Trauma Care Delphi study has produced nine metrics that provide pragmatic indicators for the overall assessment of trauma care capabilities at any healthcare setting worldwide. These bellwethers of global trauma care can enable hospitals, local managers and health ministries to identify institutions or regions that may require more in-depth assessment, allowing standards in the management of traumatic injuries to improve.