Recent advances in functionalized cycloparaphenylenes: from molecular design to applications.

Cycloparaphenylenes (CPPs), which feature a radial π-system, have attracted considerable attention due to their size-dependent photophysical properties and distinctive curved π-conjugated cavity. Incorporating aromatic systems beyond benzene enables precise tuning of their optoelectronic properties to meet specific requirements in supramolecular chemistry and materials science. In this review, we systematically summarize the synthesis, properties, and functional applications of CPP derivatives in chiral materials, supramolecular chemistry, and photoelectric devices. It is anticipated that this review will provide valuable insights for researchers working on CPP derivatives and carbon nanohoops, and contribute to the advancement of synthetic chemistry and materials chemistry.