Oxidative stress: Oocyte quality and infertility.

Infertility affects a significant proportion of couples worldwide, with female reproductive dysfunction contributing to nearly half of these cases. Oxidative Stress (OS), characterized by an imbalance between Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) production and antioxidant defenses, has emerged as a critical factor influencing oocyte quality and female fertility. This review examines the origins of OS both in vivo and in vitro, highlighting mitochondria and granulosa cells as primary sources, and explores the impact of ovarian aging, obesity, hyperoxic culture conditions, and environmental exposures such as cigarette smoke, endocrine-disrupting chemicals, and controlled ovarian stimulation drugs. This work further explores how OS adversely affects oocyte quality through mechanisms including mitochondrial dysfunction, follicular atresia, meiotic errors, DNA damage, telomere shortening, and reduced fertilization rates. Additionally, this review explores reproductive disorders associated with OS, including polycystic ovary syndrome, endometriosis, premature ovarian insufficiency, and miscarriage. The implications of OS in ART are also addressed, emphasizing the need for strategies to mitigate oxidative damage in both clinical and environmental contexts. This review underscores the significance of OS in female reproductive health, paving the way for potential therapeutic interventions to enhance fertility outcomes.