Public health nutrition · 2026
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on growth, nutrition and immune function in infants and toddlers.
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Lin Yingli, Kang Dongshui, Chen Qi, Chen Shuang
Аннотация
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on physical growth, nutritional intake and immune function in children aged 12-24 months.
DESIGN: A cross-sectional analysis was conducted utilising data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Pre-pandemic (2017-2018) and pandemic (2021-2023) cohorts were compared.
SETTING: Nationally representative data from the United States.
PARTICIPANTS: Children aged 12-24 months (pre-pandemic: n 3 904 863; pandemic: n 3 496 904).
RESULTS: No significant differences were observed in physical growth (weight, length and BMI) or macronutrient intake between cohorts. Pandemic-born children had lower vitamin A (437·0 v. 540·0 mcg/d, P = 0·006) and B12 (2·7 v. 3·4 mcg/d, P = 0·009) intake but higher vitamin C intake (87·0 v. 62·8 mg/d, P < 0·001). Inflammatory markers (neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio and systemic immune-inflammation index) showed minor age- and sex-specific variations but remained within normal ranges. Environmental toxin exposure (cadmium and mercury) was significantly reduced during the pandemic.
CONCLUSIONS: The COVID-19 pandemic did not substantially alter growth, nutrition or immune function in infants and toddlers, though micronutrient intakes and toxin exposure shifted. Long-term monitoring is warranted.
DESIGN: A cross-sectional analysis was conducted utilising data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Pre-pandemic (2017-2018) and pandemic (2021-2023) cohorts were compared.
SETTING: Nationally representative data from the United States.
PARTICIPANTS: Children aged 12-24 months (pre-pandemic: n 3 904 863; pandemic: n 3 496 904).
RESULTS: No significant differences were observed in physical growth (weight, length and BMI) or macronutrient intake between cohorts. Pandemic-born children had lower vitamin A (437·0 v. 540·0 mcg/d, P = 0·006) and B12 (2·7 v. 3·4 mcg/d, P = 0·009) intake but higher vitamin C intake (87·0 v. 62·8 mg/d, P < 0·001). Inflammatory markers (neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio and systemic immune-inflammation index) showed minor age- and sex-specific variations but remained within normal ranges. Environmental toxin exposure (cadmium and mercury) was significantly reduced during the pandemic.
CONCLUSIONS: The COVID-19 pandemic did not substantially alter growth, nutrition or immune function in infants and toddlers, though micronutrient intakes and toxin exposure shifted. Long-term monitoring is warranted.