Thrombosis research · 2026
Sex differences in gastrointestinal bleeding among patients with cardiovascular diseases: A secondary analysis of the INTERBLEED study.
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Cai Yaoyao, Bosch Jacqueline, Zhu Jun, Eikelboom John W, O'Donnell Martin, Yi Qilong, Kilickap Mustafa, Alings Marco, Forbes Nauzer, Rey Alejandro, Verhamme Peter, Kruger Paul, Moayyedi Paul, Avezum Alvaro, Vanassche Thomas, Wu Cynthia, Liang Yan
Аннотация
OBJECTIVE: Gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding is a serious complication among patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD). This study aimed to evaluate sex differences in the odds of GI bleeding.
METHODS: We analyzed data from an international case-control study of adults with CVD (n = 4721; 1807 women and 2914 men), conducted between September 3, 2015, and December 20, 2022. Cases presented with overt GI bleeding; controls had no prior GI bleeding. Baseline characteristics were compared by sex. Sequential multivariable logistic regression was used to assess the association between sex and GI bleeding, followed by sex-stratified analyses and tests for sex×factor interactions.
RESULTS: Female sex was independently associated with lower adjusted odds of GI bleeding compared with male sex (aOR 0.82, 95% CI 0.72-0.95). While most established factors were associated with GI bleeding in both sexes, Coronary artery disease was associated with higher odds of GI bleeding only in women (aOR 1.44; P-interaction = 0.004).
CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with CVD, female sex is independently associated with lower odds of GI bleeding. Several factors were shared between sexes, although some sex-specific associations were observed.
METHODS: We analyzed data from an international case-control study of adults with CVD (n = 4721; 1807 women and 2914 men), conducted between September 3, 2015, and December 20, 2022. Cases presented with overt GI bleeding; controls had no prior GI bleeding. Baseline characteristics were compared by sex. Sequential multivariable logistic regression was used to assess the association between sex and GI bleeding, followed by sex-stratified analyses and tests for sex×factor interactions.
RESULTS: Female sex was independently associated with lower adjusted odds of GI bleeding compared with male sex (aOR 0.82, 95% CI 0.72-0.95). While most established factors were associated with GI bleeding in both sexes, Coronary artery disease was associated with higher odds of GI bleeding only in women (aOR 1.44; P-interaction = 0.004).
CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with CVD, female sex is independently associated with lower odds of GI bleeding. Several factors were shared between sexes, although some sex-specific associations were observed.