Laryngo- rhino- otologie · 2014
[Sneezing as a mechanical defence - a numerical simulation and analysis of the nasal flow].
Аннотация на английскомСтатьяНазвание и аннотация: Перевод в очереди
Обработка статьи · этапы, ошибки и управление
Загрузка состояния…
Ошибки и ограничения
История · было → стало
Состояние обновляется каждые 5 секунд, пока блок открыт. Процент показывается только там, где известен объём работы. Пауза останавливает продолжение этапа; текущий запрос к источнику может завершиться.
Sommer F, Scheithauer M, Kröger R, Rettinger G, Lindemann J
Аннотация
INTRODUCTION: The nose is responsible for humidification, heating and cleaning of the inhaled air. The sneeze reflex leads to a shock-like cleaning of the nose in strong particle exposure. The aim of this study was the simulation of intranasal air flow of sneezing in a realistic computer model.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Based on the CT scan of a 40 year old man a three-dimensional computer model of the nasal cavity and the ethmoid sinuses was created. Flow simulations were performed for different inspiratory and expiratory velocities (± 2 m/s to ± 45 m/s) in order to simulate sneezing. RESULTS were visualized and analyzed by video simulation.
RESULTS: During inspiration the main airflow takes place along the middle turbinate. During expiration, the flow is located more cranially. This effect is caused by the shape of the nasopharynx and the posterior portions of the nasal turbinates. During very high speeds (sneezing) also adjacent ethmoid sinuses and the olfactory region are covered by the shock-like expiratory flow. A large vortex formation in the nasopharynx is responsible for a uniform distribution of the airflow also on lower nasal areas.
CONCLUSION: Sneezing is a protective reflex that provides for cleaning of the nose. From a flow rate of 10 m/s, the cranial nasal areas as well as adjacent ethmoid sinuses are covered by the -airflow. Compared to the inspiratory airflow the exhalation is not just vice versa. Particles that deposed in the cranial nasal areas during quiet breathing are removed.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Based on the CT scan of a 40 year old man a three-dimensional computer model of the nasal cavity and the ethmoid sinuses was created. Flow simulations were performed for different inspiratory and expiratory velocities (± 2 m/s to ± 45 m/s) in order to simulate sneezing. RESULTS were visualized and analyzed by video simulation.
RESULTS: During inspiration the main airflow takes place along the middle turbinate. During expiration, the flow is located more cranially. This effect is caused by the shape of the nasopharynx and the posterior portions of the nasal turbinates. During very high speeds (sneezing) also adjacent ethmoid sinuses and the olfactory region are covered by the shock-like expiratory flow. A large vortex formation in the nasopharynx is responsible for a uniform distribution of the airflow also on lower nasal areas.
CONCLUSION: Sneezing is a protective reflex that provides for cleaning of the nose. From a flow rate of 10 m/s, the cranial nasal areas as well as adjacent ethmoid sinuses are covered by the -airflow. Compared to the inspiratory airflow the exhalation is not just vice versa. Particles that deposed in the cranial nasal areas during quiet breathing are removed.