Lasers in urology.

Ever since Mulvany first described use of Ruby laser for lithotripsy, urologists have been exploiting every possible application of this technology. Laser lithotripsy in the 1980s and now laser prostatectomy in the 1990s have dominated laser usage in urology. Applications of lasers for superficial lesions (e.g., condylomata acuminata and carcinoma of penis) have found an established role. Interests in laser welding, photodynamic therapy and fluorescence continues to grow and evolve. The laser industry at the same time is striving to provide more efficient lasers. High power lasers (Holmium:YAG, KTP:YAG) and laser machines combining double wavelengths (Nd:YAG and KTP, Ho: YAG and Nd:YAG) are commercially available. Diode lasers with their portability and reliability qualities can now provide high output powers in various wavelengths. Here, we have reviewed different lasers, laser tissue interaction and clinical laser applications relevent to urology.