Biosensors for detection of autoimmune disease.

Autoimmune disease (AD), characterized by abnormal immune system function, leads to self-attack against cells, tissues and organs resulting in increased morbidity and mortality thus contributing to healthcare and socioeconomic expense worldwide. As the population ages, there is increased demand for novel analytical tools enabling early AD diagnosis that facilitates timely therapeutic and lifestyle intervention. Advances in biosensor technology have provided a more rapid and less costly alternative to traditional laboratory testing. In the field of AD, biosensors have been developed to target primary indices such as specific autoantibodies or secondary markers, such as proinflammatory cytokines. This article explores the use of biosensor technology in various AD including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, etc. Other biosensors based on molecular and cellular AD targets are also explored including those for type 1 diabetes mellitus. Biosensors developed for quantifying and monitoring efficacy of drugs against AD are highlighted. We conclude with an overview of emerging biosensor technologies and future perspectives.