PeerJ · 2026
Assessing phenotypic diversity and trait relationships within (Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels) using morpho-biochemical traits.
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Singh Anshuman, Singh Ravi Kumar, Bajpai Anju, Singh Nitin Kumar, Pandey Shiwanand, Singh Akath, Thukkaram Damodaran
Аннотация
BACKGROUND: Jamun (Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels) is a multipurpose fruit tree with notable nutritional, medicinal, and ecological potential. Uttar Pradesh, a major jamun growing state in India, harbours considerable variability in jamun, which remains underexplored.
METHODS: To assess phenotypic variability and identify superior types, 123 genotypes of jamun were evaluated using morphological descriptors. Biochemical attributes were also assessed for a subset of 15 genotypes from the full panel.
RESULTS: Significant variation was observed for most qualitative descriptors, with clear differences in tree growth and fruit morphology. Quantitative traits such as fruit weight (2.04-17.66 g), pulp content (61.12-94.38%), pulp: seed ratio (1.60-18.85) and total soluble solids (TSS, 10.64-19.96° Brix) exhibited wide ranges. Biochemical characterization of a subset of genotypes further revealed notable variation in ascorbic acid, anthocyanin content, and antioxidant-related traits, with genotypes Gn-10, Gn-11 and Br-17 showing favourable biochemical profiles. Correlation analysis indicated strong positive associations among fruit size traits (fruit length, diameter, and weight), whereas TSS showed negative correlations with fruit size and pulp-related traits. Cluster analysis based on morphological traits identified two major phenotypic groups, with the majority of genotypes forming a dominant cluster (n = 114) and a smaller group (n = 9) showing greater phenotypic divergence. Multitrait Genotype-Ideotype Distance Index identified Gn-18, Br-2, Br-14, Gn-11 and Un-6 as the most ideotype-consistent genotypes, based on fruit weight, pulp content and TSS.
CONCLUSIONS: While the present study highlights phenotypic diversity among the studied seedling-origin jamun trees, multi-year evaluations along with molecular characterization are needed to better elucidate the extent of diversity, the genetic basis of the observed trait differences, and the relationships among genotypes.
METHODS: To assess phenotypic variability and identify superior types, 123 genotypes of jamun were evaluated using morphological descriptors. Biochemical attributes were also assessed for a subset of 15 genotypes from the full panel.
RESULTS: Significant variation was observed for most qualitative descriptors, with clear differences in tree growth and fruit morphology. Quantitative traits such as fruit weight (2.04-17.66 g), pulp content (61.12-94.38%), pulp: seed ratio (1.60-18.85) and total soluble solids (TSS, 10.64-19.96° Brix) exhibited wide ranges. Biochemical characterization of a subset of genotypes further revealed notable variation in ascorbic acid, anthocyanin content, and antioxidant-related traits, with genotypes Gn-10, Gn-11 and Br-17 showing favourable biochemical profiles. Correlation analysis indicated strong positive associations among fruit size traits (fruit length, diameter, and weight), whereas TSS showed negative correlations with fruit size and pulp-related traits. Cluster analysis based on morphological traits identified two major phenotypic groups, with the majority of genotypes forming a dominant cluster (n = 114) and a smaller group (n = 9) showing greater phenotypic divergence. Multitrait Genotype-Ideotype Distance Index identified Gn-18, Br-2, Br-14, Gn-11 and Un-6 as the most ideotype-consistent genotypes, based on fruit weight, pulp content and TSS.
CONCLUSIONS: While the present study highlights phenotypic diversity among the studied seedling-origin jamun trees, multi-year evaluations along with molecular characterization are needed to better elucidate the extent of diversity, the genetic basis of the observed trait differences, and the relationships among genotypes.