The genus Laggera: an extensive review of phytochemistry, pharmacology, clinical study, and chemical modification.

The genus Laggera (Asteraceae) comprises medicinal plants traditionally used for treating inflammatory, infectious, and respiratory disorders. However, a comprehensive review of its phytochemistry and pharmacological potential is still limited. A systematic literature search was conducted across major scientific databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, covering publications through April, 2026. Keywords such as "Laggera", "phytochemistry", "essential oil", "pharmacology", and "synthesis" were used. Relevant studies were selected based on their focus on chemical constituents, biological activities, clinical investigations, and chemical modifications. Data were categorized into phytochemical classes and pharmacological effects, and critically analyzed to provide an integrated overview of the genus. About 218 secondary metabolites have been identified, including terpenoids, flavonoids, phenolic acids, lignans, and others, with eudesmane-type sesquiterpenoids as the dominant class. Essential oils showed significant variability, with major constituents such as 2,5-dimethoxy-p-cymene and β-caryophyllene. Laggera constituents exhibited diverse pharmacological activities, including anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-insect, and organ protective effects. These activities are primarily associated with the signaling pathways, such as nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), mitogen activated-protein kinase (MAPK), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Preliminary clinical evidence reveals the therapeutic potential of L. pterodonta in respiratory diseases. In addition, semisynthesis and nanoformulation have been explored to enhance biological efficacy.