Probiotics-Derived Selenium Nanoparticles: A Novel Food Additive.

Selenium deficiency poses a global health concern, yet traditional supplements face limitations in bioavailability and safety. Probiotics-derived selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) offer a promising alternative. This review summarizes the biosynthesis mechanisms of SeNPs by probiotics, key factors influencing their particle size, and their core biological activities, including antioxidant, antibacterial, and immunomodulatory effects. It also evaluates their application potential in functional foods and aquaculture. Despite advantages in biocompatibility and bioactivity, challenges remain in industrial-scale production and standardization. This paper highlights the promise of probiotics-derived SeNPs and emphasizes the need for process optimization and safety assessment to advance their application in nutrition and health.