Allergy · 2025
Decarbonising Respiratory Care: The Impact of a Low-Carbon Salbutamol Pressurised Metered-Dose Inhalers.
СтатьяНазвание и аннотация: Перевод в очереди
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King James, Woodcock Ashley, Anzueto Antonio, Wilkinson Alexander J K, Janson Christer, Henderson Richard, Fulmali Sourabh, Plank Maximilian
Аннотация
BACKGROUND: Rapid reductions in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are vital to combat climate change. Healthcare systems contribute ~5% of global GHG emissions, with pressurised metered-dose inhalers (pMDIs) a significant contributor owing to their hydrofluorocarbon propellants. This study compared GHG emissions of a salbutamol pMDI using a low-carbon propellant in clinical development, hydrofluoroalkane (HFA)-152a, against current salbutamol inhalers.
METHODS: Three 'cradle-to-grave' lifecycle analyses compared GHG emissions of salbutamol pMDIs with HFA-152a and HFA-134a, and salbutamol dry-powder inhaler (DPI). Over 600 individual emission factors were calculated from > 2000 data points, and categorised into Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Manufacture, Micronisation, Device, Formulation/Packaging, Use, Distribution and End-of-Life stages. 2023 manufacturing and supply data were collected from Algeria, Australia, Canada, France, Poland, Romania and Saudi Arabia. Carbon footprints were independently verified by the Carbon Trust.
RESULTS: Mean total carbon footprint per salbutamol inhaler (based on 100-year global warming potential [GWP100]) was 26.91, 2.06 and 0.69 kgCO2e for HFA-134a pMDI, HFA-152a pMDI and DPI, respectively. This equated to a 92% reduction in total emissions for HFA-152a versus HFA-134a. Most pMDI emissions came from the Use stage (HFA-134a: 21.48 kgCO2e; HFA-152a: 1.45 kgCO2e). Per actuation, emissions were 135, 10 and 11 gCO2e, respectively. For each pMDI, GHG emissions were similar across countries.
CONCLUSIONS: The low-GWP propellant, HFA-152a is expected to achieve > 90% reduction in the carbon footprint of salbutamol pMDI versus the currently used HFA-134a. The development of salbutamol pMDI with HFA-152a is a crucial step towards ensuring future patient access to salbutamol in a pMDI.
METHODS: Three 'cradle-to-grave' lifecycle analyses compared GHG emissions of salbutamol pMDIs with HFA-152a and HFA-134a, and salbutamol dry-powder inhaler (DPI). Over 600 individual emission factors were calculated from > 2000 data points, and categorised into Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Manufacture, Micronisation, Device, Formulation/Packaging, Use, Distribution and End-of-Life stages. 2023 manufacturing and supply data were collected from Algeria, Australia, Canada, France, Poland, Romania and Saudi Arabia. Carbon footprints were independently verified by the Carbon Trust.
RESULTS: Mean total carbon footprint per salbutamol inhaler (based on 100-year global warming potential [GWP100]) was 26.91, 2.06 and 0.69 kgCO2e for HFA-134a pMDI, HFA-152a pMDI and DPI, respectively. This equated to a 92% reduction in total emissions for HFA-152a versus HFA-134a. Most pMDI emissions came from the Use stage (HFA-134a: 21.48 kgCO2e; HFA-152a: 1.45 kgCO2e). Per actuation, emissions were 135, 10 and 11 gCO2e, respectively. For each pMDI, GHG emissions were similar across countries.
CONCLUSIONS: The low-GWP propellant, HFA-152a is expected to achieve > 90% reduction in the carbon footprint of salbutamol pMDI versus the currently used HFA-134a. The development of salbutamol pMDI with HFA-152a is a crucial step towards ensuring future patient access to salbutamol in a pMDI.