Investigation of antioxidant, anti collagenase, anti-elastase, and anti-hyaluronidase activities of Solanum trilobatum L. for pharmaceutical development.

The health and beauty sectors are significant drivers for the continuous growth of related product markets. Solanum trilobatum L. (S. trilobatum), locally known as Ma Waeng Krue, is a popular medicinal plant utilized in primary health care in Thailand. Renowned for their remarkable antimicrobial, antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal characteristics, the leaves and fruits of this plant yield abundant quantities of saponins, anthraquinones, terpenoids, and tannins. This study investigated the antioxidant activity, total phenolic content (TPC), and inhibitory effects of unripe and ripe S. trilobatum fruit extracts against collagenase, elastase, and hyaluronidase, specifically methanol and ethyl acetate extracts. The ethyl acetate extracts from unripe fruits contained the highest TPC and showed the greatest antioxidant activity as demonstrated by the 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) and ferric reducing antioxidant power methods. In contrast, methanol extracts from ripe fruits had the highest yield and demonstrated the greatest antioxidant activity according to the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay. Notably, methanol extracts from unripe fruits exhibited the most potent inhibition of collagenase, elastase, and hyaluronidase compared with ethyl acetate extracts.