Surfactant-like photosensitizer for endoscopic duodenal ablation: Modulating meal-stimulated incretin hormones in obese and type 2 diabetes.

Duodenal ablation improves glycaemic control and weight loss, so it has been applied using hydrothermal catheters in obese and type 2 diabetes patients, indicating similar mechanisms and therapeutic effects as bariatric surgeries. Endoscopic photodynamic therapy is an innovative procedure that easily accessible to endocrine or gastrointestinal organs, so it is critical for the sprayed photosensitizer (PS) to long-term interact with target tissues for enhancing its effects. Surfactant-like PS was more stable in a wide range of pH and 2.8-fold more retained in the duodenum at 1 h than hydrophilic PS due to its amphiphilic property. Endoscopic duodenal ablation using surfactant-like PS was performed in high fat diet induced rat models, demonstrating body weight loss, enhanced insulin sensitivity, and modulation of incretin hormones. Locoregional ablation of duodenum could affect the profiles of overall intestinal cells secreting meal-stimulated hormones and further the systemic glucose and lipid metabolism, regarding gut-brain axis. Our strategy suggests a potential for a treatment of minimally invasive bariatric and metabolic therapy if accompanied by detailed clinical trials.