Frontiers in physiology · 2026
Modulation of neurofluid fluctuation frequency by baseline carbon dioxide in awake humans: the role of the autonomic nervous system.
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Zhong Xiaole Z, Chang Catie, Chen J Jean
Аннотация
INTRODUCTION: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pulsations are linked to hemodynamics, with autonomic mechanisms, suggested to modulate slow-wave induced pulsations.
METHOD: To explore autonomic regulation's role in neurofluid flow, independent of sleep and neural activity, we hypothesized that modulating basal CO2 (altering vascular tone, cardiac activity and respiration) would highlight this link.
RESULTS: Using resting-state BOLD fMRI in neurofluid regions under different CO2 levels (capnic states), we found: 1) biomechanical modulation does not explain neurofluid dynamic variations across capnias; 2) beyond respiration, heart-rate variability independently drives low-frequency neurofluid flow, indicating autonomic control; 3) altered CO2 primarily affects neurofluid dynamics through the frequency (and not amplitude) of heart-rate and respiratory-volume variability.
DISCUSSION: These results suggest that both hyper- and hypocapnia disrupt how CSF responds to autonomic regulation, seen in deviations from normal cardiac and respiratory responses. Our work reveals neurofluid dynamics' sensitivity to CO2's frequency response, best explained by autonomic modulation. Modulating basal CO2 offers a new way to influence human neurofluid dynamics, independent of sleep or neuronal activity.
METHOD: To explore autonomic regulation's role in neurofluid flow, independent of sleep and neural activity, we hypothesized that modulating basal CO2 (altering vascular tone, cardiac activity and respiration) would highlight this link.
RESULTS: Using resting-state BOLD fMRI in neurofluid regions under different CO2 levels (capnic states), we found: 1) biomechanical modulation does not explain neurofluid dynamic variations across capnias; 2) beyond respiration, heart-rate variability independently drives low-frequency neurofluid flow, indicating autonomic control; 3) altered CO2 primarily affects neurofluid dynamics through the frequency (and not amplitude) of heart-rate and respiratory-volume variability.
DISCUSSION: These results suggest that both hyper- and hypocapnia disrupt how CSF responds to autonomic regulation, seen in deviations from normal cardiac and respiratory responses. Our work reveals neurofluid dynamics' sensitivity to CO2's frequency response, best explained by autonomic modulation. Modulating basal CO2 offers a new way to influence human neurofluid dynamics, independent of sleep or neuronal activity.