Immunomodulatory effects and gut microbiota modulation by brewer's yeast mannatide in cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression mice.

Yeast is a core microorganism long used in food industry processes such as brewing and baking. This study aimed to investigate the immunomodulatory potential of mannatide (MTE) derived from brewer's yeast in both cyclophosphamide (CTX)-induced immunosuppressed and untreated mice. Results showed that MTE administration alleviated body weight loss, restored organ morphology, and increased immune cytokines (TNF-α and IFN-γ) in immunosuppressed mice. In addition, MTE up-regulated tight junction proteins (Occludin, E-cadherin , and ZO-1) and resolved gut microbial dysbiosis by enriching beneficial bacteria. In untreated mice, MTE significantly increased beneficial bacteria without adverse effects. These findings suggest that MTE exerts immunoenhancing effects in both immunosuppressed and untreated mice by modulating immune parameters and gut microbiota. In conclusion, MTE represents a dietary supplement with immunomodulatory and prebiotic potential, providing a theoretical basis for its application in human health and nutrition.