The Mechanisms and therapeutic effects of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in reproduction.

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is a hematopoietic cytokine that is primarily secreted by monocytes or macrophages and has traditionally been recognized for its role in stimulating the proliferation and differentiation of neutrophils. Recent research has revealed the presence of G-CSF in non-hematopoietic cells such as vascular endothelial cells, placental cells, and trophoblast cells. This discovery has led to the belief that G-CSF plays a significant role in ensuring the success of pregnancy. In this review, we investigate and summarize the mechanisms of G-CSF in the reproductive system, specifically addressing its roles in endometrial repair at the maternal-fetal interface, trophoblast development, suppression of autoimmunity, ovulation, and its therapeutic effects in reproductive-related diseases. As an important cytokine in normal pregnancy, our study demonstrate that G-CSF could improve endometrial receptivity through multiple mechanisms: not only by inhibiting apoptosis, regulating cytokine expression, and mobilizing cells, but also by increasing the number of endometrial pinopodes and attenuating degeneration, as supported by recent studies. Our aim is to provide a comprehensive reference for future scientific research and clinical treatment endeavors.