Integrated Characterization and Pharmacokinetics of Kanli Granule in Rats Based on UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS: In Vitro and In Vivo Component Screening.

This study elucidates the material basis of Kanli granules (KLG), a widely used Chinese herbal preparation for chronic heart failure (CHF). Using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS, we identified 288 compounds in KLG and detected 43 constituents in rat plasma, 99 in urine, and 59 in bile. Integrated network pharmacology and literature mining screened nine key components (including paeoniflorin and atractylenolide III) responsible for the therapeutic effects. A quantitative UPLC-MS/MS method was developed for these constituents, and pharmacokinetic experiments were conducted on six compounds. All six exhibited rapid absorption (Tmax < 1 h), with paeoniflorin and atractylenolide III showing significantly higher systemic exposure. Notably, the AUC of hypaconine and mangiferin was markedly greater in female rats, indicating a gender-related difference in metabolism. This work provides the first comprehensive chemical composition spectrum of KLG and clarifies its potential bioactive compounds, offering new insights for the material basis research and active component screening of Chinese herbal medicine compound preparations.