Tumor Microenvironment-Responsive Nanoparticles for Pancreatic Cancer Imaging and Treatment.

Early diagnosis and effective treatment of pancreatic cancer remain major clinical challenges, one of the most aggressive and lethal tumors. The tumor microenvironment (TME) in pancreatic cancer exhibits unique features, including high interstitial fluid pressure (IFP), abnormal blood vessels, hypoxia, acidosis, and excess reactive oxygen species (ROS), all favoring tumor progression and immunosuppression, meanwhile offsetting diagnostic efficiency and treatment efficacy. Thus, the TME of pancreatic cancer is considered as a target of profound theranostic significance. Nanoparticles (NPs) have shown a high profile in bio-imaging and targeted drug delivery. Here, we depicted the TME of pancreatic cancer and reviewed the designs and performances of TME-transforming NPs in the diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic cancer, as well as the obstacles to be overcome before their clinical translation. This review is expected to provide sparks for the early diagnosis and personalized treatment for pancreatic cancer.