Exploring Ustilaginoidea virens, the causal agent of false smut of rice disease: A comprehensive study of infection dynamics, effectors, and genetic structure.

Villosiclava virens (Anamorph: Ustilaginoidea virens) is an important and enigmatic pathogen that causes rice false smut. Some similarities between Claviceps and Ustilaginoidea genera have been found, but according to recent genomic sequence comparison research, they have different sequences. U. virens secretes mycotoxins, which make the infected grains unfavorable for human consumption. The transcriptomic analysis and genome sequencing of U. virens showed 52,554,142 clean reads assembled into 36,496 transcripts, representing 18,534 unigenes. U. virens also contains the UvNLP protein as an NLP-specific NPP1 domain that belongs to a MAMPs class protein that acts as an elicitor for defence responses in resistant plants. Unique proteins, UvCGBP1, UvPRO1, and UvBI-1, are associated with the virulence, growth, and sporulation of U. virens. Several host QTLs-qFsr1, qFsr2, qFsr4, qFsr8, qFsr10, qFsr11 and qFsr12 have been validated in diverse background (IR28, Tequing NILs, MR183-2), and are crucial for resistance breeding. The genetic diversity of U. virens was measured using molecular markers, including RAPD, AFLP, SSR, ISSR, and, more recently, SNPs. The genetic diversity of U. virens isolates was higher among the isolates than in the geographical population. This review integrates advances in molecular biology, genomics, and host-pathogen interactions to inform sustainable management strategies. Further research is needed in early detection, chlamydospore germination, targeted fungicides, and resistant hybrid rice development.