Unilateral Painless Visual Loss in Sphenoid Mucoceles with Optic Neuropathy.

The alarmins, S100A8 (A8) and S100A9 (A9), are low molecular weight proteins belonging to the S100 protein family. A8 and A9 are secreted into the extracellular space and plasma, in which they interact with Toll-like receptor 4, receptor for advanced glycation end products, and CD33. In these studies, we determined the preclinical efficacy of tasquinimod (TQ) against advanced myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) cell lines and patient-derived (PD) CD34+ blastic phase (BP; >5% blasts in the peripheral blood) MPN cells. TQ induced loss of viability in cell lines and PD MPN-BP cells, but not in normal CD34+ progenitor cells. In TQ-treated PD MPN-acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells, RNA-sequencing analysis showed negative enrichment of the gene sets of MYC and E2F targets, interleukin-6-JAK-STAT3 signaling, and of inflammatory response. In phenotypically defined, PD CD34+ MPN-BP stem progenitor cells, cytometry by time-of-flight analysis showed that TQ reduced expression of proteins including A8, A9, and myeloperoxidase, while increasing expression of Growth Factor Independence 1 (GFI1), p21, and cleaved Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). Cotreatment with TQ and ruxolitinib or Bromodomain and extraterminal domain (BET) inhibitor induced synergistic lethality in advanced MPN-BP cells. Monotherapy with TQ significantly improved survival of immune-depleted NOD scid gamma (NSG) mice engrafted with PD xenograft (PDX) cells of MPN-AML. Notably, cotreatment with TQ and ruxolitinib or OTX015 induced significantly greater survival than treatment with single agents in the NSG mice engrafted with the PDX cells. These findings clearly demonstrate the preclinical efficacy of TQ in advanced MPN-BP cells and create the rationale to further interrogate the efficacy of TQ-based combinations with the current, frontline therapies or novel agents in advanced MPNs with excess blasts.