Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026
Growth, infection, and humoral immunity in children who are HIV exposed and uninfected.
СтатьяНазвание и аннотация: Перевод в очереди
Обработка статьи · этапы, ошибки и управление
Загрузка состояния…
Ошибки и ограничения
История · было → стало
Состояние обновляется каждые 5 секунд, пока блок открыт. Процент показывается только там, где известен объём работы. Пауза останавливает продолжение этапа; текущий запрос к источнику может завершиться.
Djounda Romeo, Ngamaleu Modeste R, Honore Awanakam, Schmiedeberg Moritz, Tchamda Kevine, Tsague Martial, Gutenkunst Eva, Bigoga Jude, Leke Rose, Kouanfack Charles, Besong Micheal, Nganou-Makamdop Krystelle, Esemu Livo Forgu
Аннотация
BACKGROUND: Children who are HIV-exposed uninfected (HEU) show greater morbidity and mortality than HIV-unexposed children (HUU). In this study we investigate sex differences in growth, infection rates and antibody response among HEU and HUU infants.
METHODS: The study enrolled 107 pregnant women with HIV and 103 pregnant women without HIV with follow-up of their infants from birth to 12 months of age. Study measures assessed included growth parameters, the prevalence of children with overt disease symptoms as reported by the mother, PCR-based assessment of infections (cytomegalovirus (CMV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), rhinovirus, influenza A & B, rotavirus and malaria) as well as antibody profile to CMV, RSV and enterovirus infections.
RESULTS: Compared to male HUU, male HEU infants had higher stunting at month 3 (0% vs 17.4%; P = 0.01) and month 12 (12.5% vs 38.9%; P = 0.03). Additionally, they showed transiently lower Weight-for-age-z-scores at 3 months (1.07 vs 0.05, P = 0.04), with higher risk of rhinorrhea (RR = 2.29, P = 0.02) and lower enterovirus titers at birth (P = 0.0066). Female HEU showed transiently higher stunting at 6 months (0% vs 21%; P = 0.01) and lower CMV viremia at 6 months, with elevated CMV antibody titers at 3 months (P = 0.04) compared to female HUU. With prevalence ranging from 25%-61%, CMV and Rhinovirus infections were dominant in all groups. HEU and HUU exhibited similar antibody decay and acquisition patterns for CMV, RSV, and Enterovirus.
CONCLUSION: Overall, HEU and HUU infants showed similar growth, infection and humoral immune profiles. However, exploratory analyses identified transient sex-specific differences, with male HEU infants displaying poorer growth trajectories and selected infection-related vulnerabilities, highlighting the need for larger studies to clarify sex-dependent effects of in utero exposure to HIV/ART.
METHODS: The study enrolled 107 pregnant women with HIV and 103 pregnant women without HIV with follow-up of their infants from birth to 12 months of age. Study measures assessed included growth parameters, the prevalence of children with overt disease symptoms as reported by the mother, PCR-based assessment of infections (cytomegalovirus (CMV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), rhinovirus, influenza A & B, rotavirus and malaria) as well as antibody profile to CMV, RSV and enterovirus infections.
RESULTS: Compared to male HUU, male HEU infants had higher stunting at month 3 (0% vs 17.4%; P = 0.01) and month 12 (12.5% vs 38.9%; P = 0.03). Additionally, they showed transiently lower Weight-for-age-z-scores at 3 months (1.07 vs 0.05, P = 0.04), with higher risk of rhinorrhea (RR = 2.29, P = 0.02) and lower enterovirus titers at birth (P = 0.0066). Female HEU showed transiently higher stunting at 6 months (0% vs 21%; P = 0.01) and lower CMV viremia at 6 months, with elevated CMV antibody titers at 3 months (P = 0.04) compared to female HUU. With prevalence ranging from 25%-61%, CMV and Rhinovirus infections were dominant in all groups. HEU and HUU exhibited similar antibody decay and acquisition patterns for CMV, RSV, and Enterovirus.
CONCLUSION: Overall, HEU and HUU infants showed similar growth, infection and humoral immune profiles. However, exploratory analyses identified transient sex-specific differences, with male HEU infants displaying poorer growth trajectories and selected infection-related vulnerabilities, highlighting the need for larger studies to clarify sex-dependent effects of in utero exposure to HIV/ART.