Prompt Cytopathological Diagnosis of Multiple Xanthomatous Skin Nodules in an Adolescent Girl Opening the Doors to Detection of Familial Hypercholesterolemia.

BACKGROUND

Xanthomas are papulo-nodular, yellow, soft, painless, dermal-based non-neoplastic cutaneous lesions that comprise of localized aggregates of lipid-laden histiocytes.

CASE REPORT: A thirteen-year-old adolescent girl presented with multiple, large, bilateral, nodules present over elbows, posterior aspect of heel, and knees for five years. Fine needle aspiration cytology was performed, and the smears showed numerous foamy histiocytes, a few benign spindle cells, and foreign-body giant cells against a lipidaceous background. Her maternal aunt and grandmother also had xanthelasma palpebrarum. Serum lipid levels were advised and were markedly deranged in all three of them. Based on the corroborative clinical, biochemical, and cytopathological findings, a final diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) was rendered.

CONCLUSION

The present case sheds light on the importance of prompt cytopathological diagnosis of xanthomatous lesions, especially in children and adolescents, as it can help prevent morbidity and mortality due to associated premature adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events if left undiagnosed.