Safety and Efficacy of Intranasal Ketamine for Minor Pediatric Procedures: A Systemic Literature Review.

Compared to intravenous anesthetics, intranasal medication for sedation is a less invasive approach. Intranasal ketamine (IK) is a widely used medication for procedural sedation. Hence, a systematic review was conducted with the aim of evaluating the safety and efficacy of IK among pediatric patients used for procedural sedation. For this purpose, a literature search was conducted on PubMed, Web of Science, and MEDLINE. A total of 247 search results appeared after running the developed query and eight articles passed through the inclusion and exclusion criteria and were included in the study. Most of the studies used 4 to 7 mg/kg dose of IK for pediatric patients. It was found that there was a moderate correlation between the age and dose of IK. Similarly, the dose of IK also had a direct and moderate correlation with the onset of sedation. Regarding the reported side effects, most of the studies reported nausea and vomiting as side effects of IK. Hence, it could be concluded from the study findings that effective sedation can be achieved by using 4 to 7 mg/kg dose of IK. The reported side effects of IK were minor while parental satisfaction with the drug was very high. Therefore, it can be concluded that the use of IK for procedural sedation among pediatric patients is safe and effective.