The past, present and future of Social Psychiatry.

In psychiatry, tensions have often arisen between biological and social approaches, despite their interconnection. Social psychiatry has evolved alongside changing understandings of mental health and its ties to broader social and geopolitical determinants. Global factors such as economic inequality, migration, and social exclusion are increasingly recognized as key influences on mental health outcomes. Nonetheless, challenges like stigma, lack of access, and resource limitations persist. The Biopsychosocial Model remains central to social psychiatry, offering an integrated framework that considers biological, psychological, and social dimensions. This comprehensive perspective ensures that interventions target not only symptoms but also contextual factors contributing to mental illness. The future of social psychiatry will be shaped by heightened awareness of social determinants, particularly amid global crises like war or COVID-19. Consistent application of the biopsychosocial model in clinical settings is essential. Policy advocacy focused on housing, employment, and inclusive care-alongside cultural sensitivity and the use of digital tools-will be vital. Moreover, enhancing psychiatric education and fostering interdisciplinary collaboration will be key to addressing social determinants across all levels of mental health care.