Dose-dependent antiviral effects of glycyrrhizin, curcumin, and harmaline against clinical SARS-CoV-2 isolates, including D614G, Omicron BA.5, and Omicron XBB.1.

BACKGROUND

SARS-CoV-2 remains a major global health challenge, as infection can lead to potential life-threatening conditions such as COVID-19. Emerging variants of the virus are characterized by higher transmission rates and immune escape mutations, enabling them to evade vaccine-induced immunity. Existing treatment options, including monoclonal antibodies, are often variant-specific and not widely accessible, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Natural compounds derived from medicinal herbs and green tea have demonstrated antiviral activity against various viruses and may offer promising, variant-independent therapeutic potential.

METHODS

In this study, we examined the antiviral activity of four plant-derived compounds: glycyrrhizin, curcumin, harmaline, and (-)-epigallocatechin. The compounds were tested in vitro against SARS-CoV-2 D614G, Omicron BA.5, and Omicron XBB.1. The antiviral efficacy was assessed at subtoxic concentrations to evaluate potential therapeutic applicability.

RESULTS

All tested compounds showed effective neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 D614G, Omicron BA.5, and Omicron XBB.1 at subtoxic concentrations. In particular, glycyrrhizin, curcumin, and harmaline exhibited potent antiviral activity across all tested variants.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings support the potential of glycyrrhizin, curcumin, and harmaline as variant-independent treatment candidates for COVID-19. However, further clinical studies are necessary to validate their efficacy and safety in vivo.