Short report: surgery for implantable brain-computer interface assisted by robotic navigation system.

We present an implantable brain-computer interface surgical case assisted by robotic navigation system in an elderly patient with tetraplegia caused by cervical spinal cord injury. Left primary motor cortex was selected for implantation of microelectrode arrays based on fMRI location of motor imagery. Robotic navigation system was used during this procedure for precise and stable manipulation. A design of bipartite incision was made to reduce the risk of surgery-related infection and facilitate BCI training. At 1-year follow-up, the neural signals were robust, and this patient was able to control three-dimensional movement of a prosthetic limb without any complications.