Immunotherapies for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease.

Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) are rare autoimmune neuroinflammatory disorders of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by recurrent attacks of optic neuritis, transverse myelitis, brainstem, and brain syndromes. In contrast with multiple sclerosis (MS), the accumulation of disability in NMOSD and MOGAD is primarily related to relapses, while accumulation of disability between attacks is less common. Therefore, treatment strategies should mainly focus on effective treatment of acute relapses and relapse prevention. Over the past decade, a better understanding of the underlying pathophysiology of NMOSD and MOGAD has led to newer, more specific treatment approaches, culminating in the first FDA-approved treatments for relapse prevention in NMOSD, while randomized clinical trials in MOGAD are underway. In this review, the current treatment options for NMOSD and MOGAD will be discussed, as well as potential treatments that are expected to become available in the near future.