Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) occurrences in water bodies, extraction techniques, detection methods, and standardized guidelines for PAHs in aqueous solutions.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a carcinogenic compound comprised of benzene ring(s). They occur naturally. However, the occurrence of anthropogenic PAHs (originates from human activities and man-made structures) may contribute to water pollution, risking the public health and aquatic life. This review describes occurrences of PAHs in water bodies, extraction techniques, detection methods, and standardized guidelines for PAHs in aqueous solutions. Previous research identifies PAH contamination across freshwater bodies due to proximity to pollution sources and hydrological factors. Despite analytical advancements, accurately quantifying and characterizing PAHs in complex environmental matrices remains challenging. Overall, this review supports the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) no. 6 (clean water and sanitation public) and no. 14 life below water.