Optimization of ultrasound-assisted deep eutectic solvents extraction, enrichment, and anti-diabetic of glycosides from Anemarrhena asphodeloides.

Steroidal glycosides and xanthone C-glycosides in Anemarrhena asphodeloides have anti-diabetic, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, anti-platelet aggregation, antioxidant and anticancer properties. This study employed a choline chloride/methylurea deep eutectic solvent (DES) for sustainable and efficient extraction of these glycosides. Optimal conditions-64% water content, 29 mL/g solvent-to-solid ratio, and 42 min extraction time-were established using single-factor and Box-Behnken design, yielding 118.51 ± 0.39 mg/g total glycosides, a 2.34-fold increase over ethanol extraction. Subsequent enrichment with XAD-5 macroporous resin produced a glycoside-enriched product (GEP) with 54.43% purity and a 3.58-fold increase relative to crude extract, achieving recovery rates between 73.25% and 85.12%.The antidiabetic effects of GEP were investigated in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Intragastric administration of GEP significantly reduced fasting blood glucose (FBG) and glycated serum protein (GSP) levels in the diabetic rats. Additionally, GEP treatment dose-dependently increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) levels while decreasing serum malondialdehyde (MDA). An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) further confirmed the antidiabetic activity of GEP. Overall, the results revealed UAE-DES is a simple and rapid method suitable for extracting bioactive compounds from A. asphodeloides and the extracts can be used as a healthful food and material source in pharmaceutical industries, and the results demonstrate that GEP exhibits potent antidiabetic effects in a dose-dependent manner.