Intermittent Fasting-A Healthy Dietary Pattern for Diabetic Nephropathy.

Diabetic nephropathy (DN), a metabolic disease, is characterized by severe systemic metabolic disorders. A unique dietary pattern, such as intermittent fasting (IF) has shown promising protective effects on various metabolic diseases, such as diabetes and cardiovascular and nervous system diseases. However, its role in regulating kidney disease, especially in DN, is still being investigated. Here, we summarize the current research progress, highlighting the relationship between IF and the risk factors for the progression of DN, and discuss the potential mechanisms by which IF improves renal injury in DN. Finally, we propose IF as a potential strategy to prevent and delay DN progression. Abbreviation: DN: Diabetic nephropathy; IF: Intermittent fasting; CPT1A: Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A; L-FABP: Liver-type fatty acid-binding protein; STZ: Streptozotocin; LDL: Low-density lipoproteins; HIIT: High-intensity interval training; CKD: Chronic kidney disease; ACEI: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB: Angiotensin receptor blockers; MDA: Malondialdehyde; mtDNA: Mitochondrial DNA; UCP3: Uncoupling protein-3; MAM: Mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membrane; PBMCs: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells; ERK1/2: Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2; DRP1: Dynamin-related protein 1; β-HB: β-Hydroxybutyrate; AcAc: Acetoacetate; GEO: Gene Expression Omnibus; NCBI: National Center for Biotechnology Information; mTORC1: Mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1; HMGCS2: 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase 2; GSK3β: Glycogen synthase kinase 3β; AKI: Acute kidney injury; CMA: Chaperone-mediated autophagy; FGF21: Fibroblast growth factor 21.