Cognitive dysfunction in normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH): a case report and review of the literature.

Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus (NPH) is a very rare and reversible cause of dementia, and it is often misdiagnosed as other, more common types of cognitive impairments. The classical triad of NPH includes: gait disturbances, urinary incontinence, and cognitive dysfunction. There is a wide spectrum of psychiatric symptoms that may precede or combine the triad NPH symptoms. In this paper, we report a case of 78-year-old NPH patient with puzzling presentation and his cognitive symptoms' response to ventriculoperitoneal shunt. A review of the literature about NPH pathophysiology, evaluation, its association with several psychiatric and cognitive symptoms, available treatment outlines, and suggested future research directions were evaluated.