A comprehensive review of new potential biomarkers in the detection of chronic kidney disease.

INTRODUCTION

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) typically shows no symptoms in its initial stages. A quick diagnosis (stages 1-3) can change the course of CKD and lessen its effects. Significant kidney damage becomes apparent during stages 4 and 5, which typically leads to end-stage renal failure. Although blood urea and serum creatinine (sCr) values are mainly used to diagnose CKD, sCr has shown low predictive ability.

METHODS

We searched Pubmed, google scholar, and various databases to see the role of various biomarkers in CKD. The advent of new methods will enable the discovery of new biomarkers in renal disorders due to advancements in transcriptomics, genomes, epigenetics, proteomics, and metabolomics.

RESULTS

Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), Galectin-3, kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), Interleukin 18 (IL-18), Immunoglobulin G, Liver Fatty Acid-Binding Protein (L-FABP), asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA), miRNA biomarker, uromodulin, Nephrin, epidermal growth factor (EGF), proteomic and metabolomic biomarkers, as well as podocalyxin are few novel potential biomarkers for CKD detection as well as forecasting outcomes presented in this review.

CONCLUSION

It appears that novel markers could replace traditional ones in future and evaluation of their effectiveness, sensitivity, specificity etc. are also necessary.