Hybrid Procedures in Congenital Heart Disease: Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome/Muscular Ventricular Septal Defect/Stenting of Pulmonary Arteries.

Hybrid therapies have increased and offer a valuable alternative to standard catheter or surgical therapies in selected patient. These hybrid therapies often combine the best of both techniques, in particular for ventricular septal defect closure and intraoperative pulmonary artery stent placement. For patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome, the hybrid approach is an important alternative therapeutic strategy, providing similar results to conventional Norwood-type palliation. Further studies are needed and are underway to evaluate the neurodevelopmental outcome in these patients.