A Deep Learning Framework for Early Parkinson's Disease Detection: Leveraging Spiral and Wave Handwriting Tasks with EfficientNetV2-S.

Background: Early detection of Parkinson's disease (PD) is vital for improving patient outcomes, yet traditional diagnostic methods often depend on subjective clinical evaluations. Methods: This study proposes a novel deep learning framework for PD detection based on spiral and wave handwriting patterns from the PaHaW dataset. A comprehensive preprocessing pipeline is implemented, integrating histogram equalization and Canny edge detection. The processed spiral and wave images are evaluated independently using a fine-tuned EfficientNetV2-S architecture for binary classification. In addition to the EfficientNetV2-S experiments, a baseline Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model is implemented separately for the spiral and wave handwriting images. The proposed model is further assessed using a 5-fold cross-validation strategy to ensure robustness and generalizability. Results: The models achieved validation accuracies of 98.68% on the spiral dataset and 98.10% on the wave dataset, with high Receiver Operating Characteristic-Area Under the Curve (ROC-AUC) scores, indicating robust discrimination between healthy and PD subjects. Analysis of the confusion matrix and classification results confirmed consistent sensitivity and specificity across the dataset. The 5-fold cross-validation yielded a standard deviation of ±0.0109. Conclusions: These results highlight the strong potential of handwriting analysis for early PD detection.