Main Genomic Findings in Penile Cancer: An Update.

Penile squamous cell carcinoma (PSCC) is a rare but highly heterogeneous malignancy accounting for over 95% of penile cancers. While it is more prevalent in regions such as South America, parts of Africa, and South Asia, its global rarity has historically limited molecular research. Recent advances in high-throughput sequencing have enabled the detailed genomic and epigenomic characterization of HPV-associated and HPV-independent carcinogenesis, unveiling critical differences between these two processes. These discoveries are reshaping classification, prognosis, and therapeutic decision-making in PSCC.