Social science & medicine (1982) · 2026
Mass incarceration and its spillover effects: a scoping review of incarceration rates and health.
СтатьяScoping ReviewНазвание и аннотация: Перевод в очереди
Обработка статьи · этапы, ошибки и управление
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Holaday Louisa W, Thomas Karenna K, King Jaelen I, Grimshaw Alyssa A, Simes Jessica T, Wang Emily A
Аннотация
OBJECTIVE: Evidence suggests that mass incarceration has had negative population health effects not only through those directly impacted, but through "spillover" onto families and more broadly. We scope the literature to synthesize findings across disciplines and health outcomes.
METHODS: We searched 10 medical databases for quantitative studies published from January 01, 1990 to 04/24/2024 examining the association between incarceration rates and outcomes of physical health, mental health, or social determinants of health. We grouped findings by health outcome and differentiated by geographic level, demographic subgroups, and type of carceral exposure (jail versus prison).
RESULTS: We identified 70 studies at geographic levels ranging from census block to country. Sixty found a positive independent association between incarceration rates and poor health outcomes. Evidence was strongest for premature mortality, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and adverse birth outcomes. Few studies investigated chronic conditions or mechanisms underlying the association between incarceration rates and health. Effect sizes were largest at the neighborhood level. Almost two-thirds of studies were high quality, and quality was primarily limited by data availability.
CONCLUSIONS: There is substantial evidence that as incarceration rates increase, population health worsens. Strong evidence of spillover to never-incarcerated individuals is demonstrated by significant associations in multilevel models accounting for personal and household incarceration, negative outcomes in babies and children too young to be incarcerated, and stronger effects observed among women, who are far less likely to be incarcerated than men. Reducing incarceration rates may reduce STIs even among those never incarcerated. Further research is needed into chronic conditions and the mechanisms underlying identified associations, which would be facilitated by improved data access.
POLICY IMPLICATIONS: Federal, state, and county actors should make neighborhood-level incarceration and crime data available, carceral facilities should institute opt-out STI testing, and cities should make STI testing easily available in high incarceration neighborhoods.
METHODS: We searched 10 medical databases for quantitative studies published from January 01, 1990 to 04/24/2024 examining the association between incarceration rates and outcomes of physical health, mental health, or social determinants of health. We grouped findings by health outcome and differentiated by geographic level, demographic subgroups, and type of carceral exposure (jail versus prison).
RESULTS: We identified 70 studies at geographic levels ranging from census block to country. Sixty found a positive independent association between incarceration rates and poor health outcomes. Evidence was strongest for premature mortality, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and adverse birth outcomes. Few studies investigated chronic conditions or mechanisms underlying the association between incarceration rates and health. Effect sizes were largest at the neighborhood level. Almost two-thirds of studies were high quality, and quality was primarily limited by data availability.
CONCLUSIONS: There is substantial evidence that as incarceration rates increase, population health worsens. Strong evidence of spillover to never-incarcerated individuals is demonstrated by significant associations in multilevel models accounting for personal and household incarceration, negative outcomes in babies and children too young to be incarcerated, and stronger effects observed among women, who are far less likely to be incarcerated than men. Reducing incarceration rates may reduce STIs even among those never incarcerated. Further research is needed into chronic conditions and the mechanisms underlying identified associations, which would be facilitated by improved data access.
POLICY IMPLICATIONS: Federal, state, and county actors should make neighborhood-level incarceration and crime data available, carceral facilities should institute opt-out STI testing, and cities should make STI testing easily available in high incarceration neighborhoods.