Percutaneous Closure of Patent Foramen Ovale in Patients with Cryptogenic Stroke - An Updated Comprehensive Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND

The ideal treatment strategy for patients with cryptogenic stroke and patent foramen ovale (PFO) is not yet clear. Previous randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing transcatheter PFO closure with medical therapy in patients with cryptogenic stroke to prevent recurrent ischemic stroke showed mixed results. This meta-analysis aims to compare rates of recurrent stroke, transient ischemic attack (TIA) and all-cause mortality with PFO closure and medical therapy vs. medical therapy alone.

METHODS

PubMed and the Cochrane Center Register of Controlled Trials were searched for studies published through June 2018, comparing PFO closure plus medical therapy versus medical therapy alone. Six RCTs (n = 3750) comparing PFO closure with medical therapy were included in the analysis. End points were recurrent stroke, TIA and all-cause mortality. The odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) were computed and p < 0.05 was considered as a level of significance.

RESULTS

A total of 1889 patients were assigned to PFO closure plus medical therapy and 1861 patients were assigned to medical therapy only. Risk of recurrent stroke was significantly lower in the PFO closure plus medical therapy group compared to medical therapy alone. (OR 0.47, 95% CI 0.33-0.67, p < 0.0001). Rate of TIA was similar between the two groups (OR 0.76, 95% CI 0.52-1.14), p = 0.18). There was no difference in all-cause mortality between two groups (OR 0.73, CI 0.33-1.58, p = 0.42). Patients undergoing PFO closure were more likely to develop transient atrial fibrillation than medical therapy alone (OR: 5.85; CI: 3.06-11.18, p ≤0.0001) whereas the risk of bleeding was similar between the groups (OR: 0.93; CI: 0.55-1.57, p = 0.78).

CONCLUSIONS

The results of this meta-analysis suggest that transcatheter closure of PFO plus medical therapy is superior to medical therapy alone for the prevention of recurrent cryptogenic stroke. However, PFO closure in these patients has not been shown to reduce the risk of recurrent TIA or all-cause mortality. There is a higher rate of transient atrial fibrillation post PFO closure device placement, the long-term effects of which have yet to be studied.