Understanding bovine genital campylobacteriosis: A comprehensive review of its threat to global cattle reproduction.

Bovine genital campylobacteriosis (BGC) is a sexually transmitted disease caused by Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis (Cfv). Although BGC has been reported globally, its prevalence is significant in developing nations where natural breeding is commonly employed for cow reproduction. It is found worldwide. Female cattle with this disease may become temporarily infertile, and a tiny percentage (5%-10%) of affected animals may occasionally have abortions in the third trimester. The subclinical manifestation of this disease in bulls, where there are no overt clinical signs and a protracted possible carrier stage, is a significant feature. Sexually transmitted Cfv can lead to reproductive issues, including lower cow birth rates, return of estrus, and low pregnancy rates. Campylobacter fetus infections in the genital tract of cows and heifers typically only cause mild to moderate endometritis, moderate cervicitis, and salpingitis. The most widely used diagnostic techniques are polymerase chain reaction, fluorescent antibody test, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and culture. Commercial vaccinations for BGC prevention are administered intramuscularly or subcutaneously and contain bacterin and adjuvant. BGC-positive bulls are treatable with both systemic and topical antimicrobial therapy. The disease is usually self-limiting, and cows may return to estrus after a few months. Control strategies include testing and culling of affected animals, vaccination of all bulls, cows, and heifers, and use of artificial insemination with controlled semen.