Effects of silver nanoparticles on maternal mammary glands and offspring development under lactation exposure.

The widespread applications of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) throughout our daily lives have raised concerns regarding their environmental health and safety (EHS). Despite an increasing number of studies focused on the EHS impacts of AgNPs, there remain significant knowledge gaps with respect to their potential health impacts on susceptible populations, such as lactating mothers and infants. Herein, we aimed to investigate the deleterious effects of AgNPs with different sizes (20 and 40 nm) and surface coatings (PVP and BPEI) on maternal mice and their offspring following lactation exposure at doses of 20, 100 and 400 μg/kg body weight. We discovered that AgNPs could accumulate in the maternal mammary glands and disrupt the epithelial barrier in a dose-dependent manner. Notably, BPEI-coated AgNPs caused more damage to the mammary glands than PVP-coated particles. Importantly, we observed that, while AgNPs were distributed throughout the blood and main tissues, they were particularly enriched in the brains of breastfed offspring after maternal exposure during lactation, exhibiting exposure dosage- and particle coating-dependent patterns. Compared to PVP-coated nanoparticles, BPEI-coated AgNPs were more readily transferred to the offspring, possibly due to their enhanced deposition in maternal mammary glands. Moreover, we observed reduced body weight, blood cell toxicity, and tissue injuries in breastfed offspring whose dams received AgNPs. As a whole, these results reveal that maternal exposure to AgNPs results in the translocation of AgNPs into offspring via breastfeeding, inducing developmental impairments in these breastfed offspring. This study provides important new insights into the EHS impacts of AgNP consumption during lactation.