Plant cell wall-plasma membrane attachments mediate stress resilience through cellulose synthase complexes and remorins.

The outer cell surface of an organism is the frontline for detecting and responding to environmental stimuli. In plants, this interface consists of the plasma membrane that lies beneath the cell wall and remains associated with it through attachment sites. These wall-membrane attachments become evident upon hyperosmotic shock, when severe water loss causes the membrane to retract from the wall. Despite their long-standing observation, the molecular identity and function of these attachments remain poorly understood. Here, we identified two mechanisms governing wall-membrane attachments: one dependent on the cellulose synthase complex (CSC), whose density at the plasma membrane positively correlates with resistance to hyperosmotic stress, and the other on remorin (REM), which acts antagonistically to the CSC mechanism. Using proximity-labeling proteomics, we identified SHOU4/4L as REM-associated proteins that mediate this antagonism. Together, our findings reveal how wall-membrane attachments are patterned to mediate plant cell resilience under water stress.