Angiogenesis and Immunosuppressive Niche in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Reshaping Vascular - Immune Axis to Potentiate antiPD - 1/PD - L1 Therapy.

Loss-of-function (LoF) mutations frequently found in human cancers are generally intractable by classical small molecule inhibitor approaches. Among them are mutations affecting Polycomb-group (PcG) epigenetic regulators, enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) and Additional sex combs like 1 (ASXL1), frequently found in hematological malignancies of myeloid or lymphoid lineage, and their concurrent mutations associates with particularly poor prognosis. Although there is a clear need to develop novel and effective treatments for these patients, the lack of appropriate disease models and mechanistic insights have significantly hindered the progress. Here, we show that genetic inactivation of Asxl1 and Ezh2 in murine hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells results in highly penetrant hematological malignancies as observed in corresponding human diseases. These PcG proteins regulate both coding and noncoding genomes, leading to marked reactivation of transposable elements (TEs) and DNA damage responses in PcG LoF-mutated cells, which create a novel vulnerability for poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor (PARPi)-induced synthetic lethality. Using both mouse models and primary patient samples, we demonstrate that Asxl1/Ezh2-mutated cells are highly sensitive to PARPis that induce excessive DNA damage and significantly extend disease latency. Intriguingly, the observed PARPi sensitivity can be specifically overridden by reverse transcriptase inhibitors that interrupt target site-primed reverse transcription and life cycle of TEs. This mechanism is contrastingly different from the current concept of BRCAness associated PARPi-induced synthetic lethality, which largely rely on deficient homologous recombination, and is independent on reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Together, this study reveals a novel application and mechanism of PARPi-induced synthetic lethal targeting of blood cancers with reactivated TEs such as those carrying PcG epigenetic mutations.