Impacts of Linear Alkylbenzene (LABs) on ecosystems: Detection, fate and remediation.

This review article provides a thorough examination of an interaction between linear alkylbenzenes (LABs) and ecosystems. The review covers various aspects of LABs' impact on ecosystems, focusing on detection and treatment strategies to mitigate ecological consequences. It delves into LABs' role as molecular markers for sewage pollution, their physicochemical properties contributing to persistence, and their effects on aquatic and terrestrial organisms, including disruptions to endocrine systems. The diverse sources of LABs, including domestic wastewater and industrial effluents, are explored, along with their ratios in different matrices for assessing contamination origins. Biodegradation pathways of LABs, both aerobic and anaerobic, are scrutinized, considering their interaction with microbes. Distribution patterns in aquatic environments are discussed, encompassing sediment, water, sewage, and soils. An investigation is conducted on the relationship between LABs and total organic carbon (TOC) as a means of evaluating sewage pollution. It is assessed how sewage treatment facilities (STPs) contribute to biodegradation.