Acute, repetitive and chronic Takotsubo syndrome in patients with chronic kidney disease: Sympathetic reno-cardial syndrome.

Heart failure and cardiovascular death are common in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and extremely prevalent in patients undergoing dialysis. It has been shown that the excess of cardiovascular mortality in this patient population is not fully accounted for by the traditional cardiovascular risk factors. Substantial evidence exists for the presence of sympathetic over-activity in patients with dialytic and non-dialytic CKD. Several studies have also been reported on reversible segmental left ventricular wall motion abnormality consistent with myocardial stunning in association with dialysis especially hemodialysis. In the literature, the most acceptable underpinning hypothesis for the myocardial stunning in CKD is "demand myocardial ischemia". However, the occurrence of cardiac sympathetic over-activation-disruption and repeated reversible myocardial stunning in patients with CKD can be compared to that occurring in acute Takotsubo syndrome where local cardiac sympathetic disruption may cause acute regional circumferential pattern of myocardial stunning. In this manuscript, converging evidences suggestive for the fact that acute, repetitive, and chronic TS may be one of the important causes of cardiac morbidity including myocardial stunning and heart failure and mortality in patients with CKD are provided.