Evaluation of the human placenta optical scattering properties using continuous wave and frequency-domain diffuse reflectance spectroscopy.

SIGNIFICANCE: Placenta is an essential organ for fetal development and successful reproduction. Placental insufficiency can lead to fetal hypoxia and, in extreme cases anoxia, leading to fetal death. Of the 145 million deliveries per year worldwide, ∼15 million neonates are small for gestational age and, therefore, at risk for antepartum and intrapartum hypoxia. Clinical methods to assess placental function largely rely on the assessment of fetal heart rate changes but do not assess placental oxygenation. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) allows non-invasive, real-time assessment of tissue oxygenation in intact organs, which can be used to assess placental oxygenation. However, tissue optical properties can affect the accuracy of methods to measure tissue oxygenation.

AIM: This study was performed to estimate the scattering coefficient of the human placenta. We have computed the scattering coefficients of the human placenta for the range of 659 to 840 nm using two methods of diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS).

APPROACH: Measurements were performed using an in-house DRS device and a well-established frequency-domain diffuse optical spectroscopic system (DOSI). Measurements were performed in eight placentas obtained after cesarean deliveries. Placentas were perfused with normal saline to minimize the effects of absorption due to blood. Three sites per placenta were measured. Absorption and scattering coefficients were then calculated from the measured reflectance using the random walk theory for DRS and frequency-domain algorithm for DOSI.

RESULTS

Average reduced scattering coefficient (μs  '  ) was 0.943  ±  0.015  mm  -  1 at 760 nm and 0.831  ±  0.009  mm  -  1 at 840 nm, and a power function μs  '    =  1.6619 (λ/500  nm)  -  1.426 was derived for the human placental scattering coefficient.

CONCLUSION

We report for the first time the scattering coefficient of the human placenta. This information can be used to assess baseline scattering and improve measurements of placental oxygen saturation with NIRS.