Embryologic development of the prostate. Insights into the etiology and treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Pharmacologic strategies for the treatment of BPH are at present directed toward relaxing prostate smooth muscle and reducing prostate volume. Historically, the primary limitation of pharmacotherapy for BPH has been that the symptomatic improvement achieved was overshadowed by the morbidity of treatment. However, the morbidity has been markedly diminished based on a more precise understanding of the embryology, physiology, and pharmacology of the prostate. The origins and pharmacologic properties of the smooth musculature of the prostate and bladder are unique. Therefore, drugs such as alpha blockers may relax the prostate selectively without altering bladder function. Although phenoxybenzamine, a nonselective alpha blocker, relieves infravesical obstruction secondary to BPH, the severity of the adverse reactions limits the use of this drug. The contractile properties of the prostate smooth muscle are mediated by alpha-1 adrenoceptors. The effectiveness of phenoxybenzamine and selective alpha-1 blockers such as prazosin and terazosin are similar. The side effects of the selective alpha-1 blockers are negligible. Androgen suppression, which lowers testosterone, produces intolerable side effects such as gynecomastia, erectile dysfunction, and impaired libido. The androgen dependency of the prostate provides the rationale for using 5 alpha-reductase inhibitors for the treatment of BPH. Reduction of prostate volume can be achieved by blocking the action or synthesis of dihydrotestosterone without impotence, gynecomastia, and hot flashes. These recent advances in pharmacotherapy for BPH are based on understanding of the fundamental developmental properties of the prostate.