Exploring tyrosine kinase inhibitors for HER2-positive breast cancer: comprehensive review on a complete pharmacology-molecular mechanisms, safety profiles, and insights from preclinical and clinical studies.

Breast cancer involves complex molecular mechanisms, with elevated expression of various tyrosine kinase receptors correlating with unfavorable outcomes. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors are targeted cancer therapeutics that disrupt signaling pathways and inhibit tyrosine kinase enzymes involved in cellular pathways for tumor growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis, targeting specific kinases like Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor. Furthermore, they disrupt aberrant signaling pathways fueling tumor progression. They are designed to inhibit the tyrosine kinase domain of receptor tyrosine kinases, crucial for breast cancer cell proliferation and migration. Multiple tyrosine kinase inhibitors are clinically utilized, often combined with chemotherapy, endocrine therapy, and other targeted therapies. They have demonstrated substantial improvements in survival-free and life expectancy of patients, establishing them as a standard treatment modality. The ongoing development of novel tyrosine kinase inhibitors and their strategic integration into personalized treatment regimens will shape the evolving landscape of breast cancer therapy.