Comparative genomic and transcriptomic analyses of African swine fever virus strains.

African swine fever (ASF) is the most devastating disease caused by the African swine fever virus (ASFV), impacting the pig industry worldwide and threatening food security and biodiversity. Although two vaccines have been approved in Vietnam to combat ASFV, the complexity of the virus, with its numerous open reading frames (ORFs), necessitates a more diverse vaccine strategy. Therefore, we focused on identifying and investigating the potential vaccine targets for developing a broad-spectrum defense against the virus. This study collected the genomic and/or transcriptomic data of different ASFV strains, specifically from in vitro studies, focusing on comparisons between genotypes I, II, and X, from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database. The comprehensive analysis of the genomic and transcriptomic differences between high- and low-virulence strains revealed six early genes, 13 late genes, and six short genes as potentially essential ORFs associated with high-virulence. In addition, many other ORFs (e.g., 14 multigene family members) are worth investigating. The results of this study provided candidate ORFs for developing ASF vaccines and therapies.